Synthesis 

• Using a mixed-methods research design, the authors identified the key components influencing youth participation, including personal motivations, social influences, organizational support mechanisms, and perceived environmental responsibility. A conceptual framework was constructed and tested through a quantitative survey of Malaysian youth volunteers, supplemented by qualitative insights gathered from case studies of environmental organizations. Structural equation modelling was applied to assess the relationships among variables and to confirm the robustness of the proposed engagement model.
• The findings show that youth participation in environmental volunteering is strongly driven by personal environmental values, opportunities for meaningful hands-on action, and a sense of community belonging.
• Organizational factors - particularly training, mentorship, clear role expectations, and visible impact - play a critical role in sustaining long-term engagement. Social influence from peers and family further enhances participation, especially when environmental volunteering is perceived as socially valued.
• The validated model highlights that sustainable engagement emerges from the interaction of individual motivation, supportive organizational environments, and a reinforcing social ecosystem.
• The study recommends that environmental organizations prioritize youth-centered programme design, skill-building opportunities, and community networks to maintain a resilient volunteer base and strengthen environmental stewardship over time.